Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss refinery gas c1 c4 161 1 259 31 liquefied petroleum gas c3 c4 42 1 44 31 naphtha c5 c17 36 302 97 575 gasoline c4 c12 1 216 31 421. Many workers are at risk for exposure to hydrogen sulfide, especially when working in confined spaces. Epa office of general enforcement, petroleum refinery enforcement manual, 1980. Sour water stripper uses steam to remove hydrogen sulfide gas from various wastewater streams for subsequent conversion into endproduct sulfur in the claus unit. Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas and has a strong odor of rotten eggs hsdb, 1998. Meyers, handbook of petroleum refining process, mcgrawhill. Hydrogen sulfide is a naturally occurring component of crude oil and natural gas. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum. F, hydrogen h 2 is introduced with feedstock and presulfiding agent.
National oil companies are owned by the federal government of a country. Hydrogen sulfide total petroleum hydrocarbon oily sludge fugitive emission waste management plan. Production and processing of sour crude and natural gas core. Hydrogen sulfide from petroleum refining and fossil fuels is converted to pure sulfur by the claus process. Download book pdf handbook of petroleum processing pp 417446 cite as. The article considers hydrogen attack, corrosion fatigue, and liquid metal embrittlement and the methods of combating them. Hydrogen sulfide h2s is a naturally occurring gas contained in. Refinery gas sweetening is the process used to remove the so called acid. Corrosion in petroleum refining and petrochemical operations. Most hydrogen sulfide in the air comes from natural sources from bacterial decomposition of plant and animal materials, and from geothermic sources such as volcanoes, hot springs, and underwater thermal events. Introduction, products, refinerys configurations, hydrogen technologies faculty of chemical engineering and technology university of zagreb ante jukic zavod za tehnologiju nafte i petrokemiju hr0 zagreb, savska cesta 16, p. Hydrogen sulfide academic dictionaries and encyclopedias.
Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide separated from acid gas, with amine of some other procedures are taken to the plant, where the oxidation of h 2 s to elementar sulfur is carried out, while carbon dioxide is usually discharged into the atmospere. It is heavier than air and therefore accumulates at the bottom of poorly ventilated areas. Petroleum refinery background approximately 90% of the petroleum products produced in the united states are fuelsin the united states are fuels motor vehicle gasoline accounts for about 40% of the total output from refineries located near crude oil sources or in heavily industrialized areas. At low levels, hydrogen sulfide gas has a strong odor similar to rotten eggs. Hydrogen sulfide gas is also known as sewer gas because it is often produced by the breakdown of waste material. This course is focused for process simulation at the end of the course you will feel confident in the petroleum refining industry. Petroleum refining involves refining crude petroleum as well as producing raw materials for the petrochemical industry. Hydrogen sulfide is produced naturally from decaying organic matter. This method is applicable for the determination of the h 2 s content of fuel gas streams at petroleum refineries. Sulfur hydrogen sulfide gasoline automotive gas oil naphtha cuts lightheavy kerosene diesel gasoil lubricants vacuum residues asphalt coke note.
Hydrogen sulfide is found naturally in underground petroleum reserves. Volcanoes and some hot springs as well as cold springs emit some h 2 s, where it probably arises via the hydrolysis of sulfide minerals, i. National organic standards board livestock subcommittee. It is a colorless chalcogen hydride gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. In petroleum refineries, the hydrogen sulfide gas is then subsequently converted into byproduct elemental sulfur. The large majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur produced worldwide in 2005 was byproduct sulfur from petroleum refining and. Hydrogen sulfide is a relatively common, frequently lethal, and unique occupational hazard for which research since 1990 has uncovered many anomalies and subtleties and a previously unsuspected. Industrial sources of hydrogen sulfide include petroleum and natural gas extraction and refining, pulp and paper manufacturing, rayon textile production, chemical manufacturing and waste disposal.
It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and their derivatives containing oxygen, sulphur,nitrogen and minor quantities of some other materials. Two most important procedures are claus and chelating process. Highsulfur kerogens release hydrogen sulfide during decomposition, and this h2s stays trapped in the oil and. Most hydrogen sulfide in the air comes from natural sources from bacterial decomposition of plant and animal materials, and from. The monitoring of hydrogen for nitrogen purity in other related applications such as lift gas for fluidized catalytic reactions and surge hopper vents also has similar importance to the refinery. Refining for the nontechnical person, 2nd edition, pennwell books. Industrial activities that can produce the gas include petroleumnatural gas drilling and refining, wastewater treatment, coke ovens, tanneries, and kraft paper mills. In a heating and cooling cycle, hydrogen sulfide recovered from fossil products is combusted to form water and elemental sulfur. This course is focused for process simulation at the end of the course you. It can be released from sewage sludge, liquid manure, and sulfur hot springs, and with natural gas. Addressing air emissions from theaddressing air emissions. Simultaneous determination of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans in petroleum products by potentiometric titration with silver nitrate using the agtitrode. The gas can be dispersed by wind movement or air currents.
Hydrogen sulfidesulphide, h 2 s, petroleum, inhalation, toxicity, industrial accident case series presentation workmen engaged in repair work at an oil refinery in sri lanka were accidentally exposed to toxic fumes following a leak in a pipeline in midnovember 2012. Pdf sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by chemical. A petroleum refining study starts with describing its feedstock, the crude oil and the range. The claus process is used to produce the majority of sulfur available today. A solution of hydrogen sulfide in water, known as sulfhydric acid or hydrosulfuric acid, 4 is initially clear but over time turns cloudy. F, oxygen is tipped from atmosphere with inert gas and catalysts are dehydrated. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units. Adherence to the requirements of this method will enhance the. Hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans in petroleum products. Consultation document hydrogen sulphide h2s in petroleum crude oil dec 9 th 2016 to feb. Its composition was recognized by berthollet 1798, who gave it its present name. Hydrogen sulfide is a common byproduct of petroleum extraction and refining, as well as a potential hazard from the breakdown of organic materials hence, its common name, sewer gas. Upstream petroleum involves exploration, drilling, and production.
Small amounts of hydrogen sulfide occur in crude petroleum, but natural gas can contain up to 90%. Sector notebook project petroleum refining epa310r950 epa office of compliance sector notebook project profile of the petroleum refining industry september 1995 office of compliance office of enforcement and compliance assurance u. Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula h 2 s. Petroleum refinery engineering petroleum is a combustible oily liquid of reddish brown to almost black colour, produced from oilwells.
Hydrogen for refineries is increasingly provided by. Hydrogen sulfide may be emitted or released during exploration, development, extraction, treatment and storage, transportation and refining of petroleum products usepa 1993. Hydrogen sulfide gas also can result from industrial activities, such as food processing, coke ovens, kraft paper mills, tanneries and petroleum refineries. It is formed when removing sulfur compounds from petroleum products. Downstream petroleum involves transport, refining, petrochemical manufacturing, marketing, and sales. Draft 2 abstract hydrogen sulfide h 2s can be a significant component of oil and gas upstream production, where h2s can be naturally generated in situ from reservoir biomass and from sulfate containing minerals through microbial sulfate reduction msr andor thermochemical sulfate reduction tsr.
Hydrogen sulfide is produced naturally by decaying organic matter and is released from sewage sludge, liquid manure, sulfur hot springs, and natural gas. It is a byproduct of many industrial processes including petroleum refining, tanning, mining, woodpulp processing, rayon manufacturing, sugarbeet processing, and hotasphalt paving. In addition, hydrogen sulfide is produced by bacterial breakdown of organic materials and human and animal wastes e. You can smell hydrogen sulfide gas at lower levels than may cause health effects, so smelling the gas does not always mean that it will make you sick. Hydrogen sulfide is a flammable, colorless gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is commonly known as hydrosulfuric acid, sewer gas, and stink damp. Petrochemicals feed stock like ethylene and propylene can also be produced directly by cracking crude oil without the need. Industrial activities that can produce the gas include petroleum natural gas drilling and refining, wastewater treatment, coke ovens, tanneries, and kraft paper mills. The complete book on distillation and refining of petroleum products lubricants, waxes and petrochemicals author. Simultaneous determination of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans in petroleum products by potentiometric titration with. Pdf sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by. Small amounts of hydrogen sulfide occur in crude petroleum, but natural gas can contain up to 30%.
In addition, small amounts of organic compounds containing sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and. Modeling of hydrogen sulfide removal from petroleum production facilities using h2s scavenger. Additional characteristics are provided in appendix i in this program. Uses steam to remove hydrogen sulfide gas from various wastewater streams for subsequent conversion into endproduct sulfur in the. Addressing air emissions from theaddressing air emissions from the petroleum refinery sector. The compounds that make up crude oil range from the smallest and simplest hydrocarbon molecule ch4 methane to large, complex. Role of hydrogen in removing sulfure liquid fuels praxair. Crude oil refining is a complex sequence of chemical and physical changes that result. Some bacteria change calcium sulfate, the major component of wallboard, into hydrogen sulfide. It describes low and hightemperature corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, and cracking such as stresscorrosion, sulfide stress, and stressoriented hydrogen induced cracking.
It is also used or is a byproduct in many industrial processes such as. An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils. The petroleum refining industry converts crude oil into more than 2500 refined. Hydrogen sulfide sulphide, h 2 s, petroleum, inhalation, toxicity, industrial accident case series presentation workmen engaged in repair work at an oil refinery in sri lanka were accidentally exposed to toxic fumes following a leak in a pipeline in midnovember 2012. F, presulfiding of catalysts occurs in an atmosphere of hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide etoxic, colorless gas erotten egg odor edetectable at 10 ppb eparalyzes olfactory system elc50 7 ppm eweak acid, air oxidized, absorbs on metals esolubility depends on temperature. Workplace exposure limits the following exposure limits are for hydrogen sulfide. This book covers current refinery processes and processtypes that are likely to come onstream during the next three to five decades. Pdf modeling of hydrogen sulfide removal from petroleum. Sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by chemical precipitation article pdf available in journal of hazardous materials 15312. Department of petroleum engineering and applied geophysics. Hydrogen sulfide can also result from industrial activities, such as food processing, coke ovens, kraft paper mills, tanneries, and petroleum refineries. Safety and health topics hydrogen sulfide hydrogen. Hydrogen sulfide is colorless, flammable gas under normal conditions.
Air monitoring applications petrochemical hydrogen sulfide. On the other hand, the technologies employed in oil and gas production, especially from. Hydrogen sulfide is recovered from natural gas and is a byproduct of ore refineries. Pdf on mar 5, 2020, m c mamat and others published oxidation of sulfide removal from petroleum refinery wastewater by using hydrogen peroxide find, read and cite all the research you need on. Sulfur is removed from petroleum products in the petroleum refining process and is a byproduct of paper pulping. Pdf the scavenging of hydrogen sulfide is the preferred method for minimizing the corrosion and operational risks in oil. Hydrogen sulfide is not produced for commercial sale. The recommended airborne exposure limit rel is 10 ppm, which should not be exceeded during any 10minute work period. Release inventory data book, reported releases dropped by 42. Corrosion problems and solutions in oil refining and. In fact, the vast majority of the 68,000,000 metric tons of sulfur produced worldwide in 2010 was byproduct sulfur from. It is then either converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.
Petroleum oil and natural gas are the products of thermal conversion of decayed organic matter called kerogen that is trapped in sedimentary rocks. Other forms of organic sulfur require more or less hydrogen to treat. It is commonly known as hydrosulfuric acid, stink damp and sewer gas. Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s is an extremely hazardous, toxic, and flammable gaseous compound recognized for its rotten egg smell at very low concentrations. Petroleum refining technology and economics, marcel dekker, inc. Note that 2 moles of hydrogen are required to remove one mole of sulfur in this instance. Jan 24, 2019 sulfur hydrogen sulfide gasoline automotive gas oil naphtha cuts lightheavy kerosene diesel gasoil lubricants vacuum residues asphalt coke note. Hydrogen sulfide is slightly soluble in water and acts as a weak acid, giving the hydrosulfide ion hs. Hydrogen sulfide is soluble in certain polar organic solvents, notably methanol, acetone, propylene carbonate, sulfolane, tributyl phosphate, various glycols, and glycol ethers hsdb, 1998. Amine gas treating, claus unit, and tail gas treatment for converting hydrogen sulfide gas from the hydrotreaters into product elemental sulfur. The large majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur produced worldwide in 2005 was byproduct sulfur from petroleum refining and natural gas processing plants. Hydrogen sulfide is often produced from the microbial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen gas, such as in swamps and sewers. Hydrogen sulfide sulfur niir project consultancy services npcs 89.
Pdf hydrogen sulfide emission sources, regulations, and. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss refinery gas c1 c4 161 1. Reactor temperature reactor pressure space velocity nitrogen content hydrogen sulfide recycle gas rate hydrogen purity. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products james g. Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s 7783064 8 mgm3740 mgm3, 6 ppm520 ppm. It discusses the material selection criteria for a number of ferrous and nonferrous alloys used in petroleum refining and petrochemical applications. Pdf oxidation of sulfide removal from petroleum refinery. The petroleum industry is divided into two sectors. Hydrogen sulphide inhalational toxicity at a petroleum. Hydrogen replaces sulfur on the organic molecule, while hydrogen sulfide h2s is formed as shown in the reaction below for an organic sulfide molecule. The aim of this work is to describe and analyze corrosion problems and their solutions at.
Hydrogen to carbon ratios affects the physical properties of crude oil. Amine gas treater, claus unit, and tail gas treatment for converting hydrogen sulfide gas from the hydrotreaters into endproduct elemental sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide burns with a blue flame to form sulfur dioxide which is also a toxic gas. Petroleum refining and environmental control and environmental. Hydrogen sulfide emission sources, regulations, and removal techniques.